Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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Test Overview

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a test that uses a special type of camera and a tracer (radioactive substance) to look at organs in the body. The tracer usually is a special form of a substance (such as glucose) that collects in cells that are using a lot of energy, such as cancer cells.

During the test, the tracer liquid is put into a vein (intravenous, or IV) in your arm. The tracer moves through your body, where much of it collects in the specific organ or tissue. The tracer gives off tiny positively charged particles (positrons). The camera records the positrons and turns the recording into pictures on a computer.

PET scan pictures do not show as much detail as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because the pictures show only the location of the tracer. The PET picture may be matched with those from a CT scan to get more detailed information about where the tracer is located.

A PET scan is often used to evaluate cancer, check blood flow, or see how organs are working.

Why It Is Done

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is done to:

  • Study the brain's blood flow and metabolic activity. A PET scan can help a doctor find nervous system problems, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, transient ischemic attack (TIA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, stroke, and schizophrenia.
  • Find changes in the brain that may cause epilepsy.
  • Evaluate the extent of some cancers, especially lymphoma or cancers of the head and neck, brain, lung, colon, or prostate. In its early stages, cancer may show up more clearly on a PET scan than on a CT scan or an MRI.
  • Determine whether a growth in an organ or in tissue is likely to be cancer, such as a growth in lung tissue.
  • See how advanced a cancer is and whether it has spread to another area of the body (metastasized). It is often necessary to do both CT and PET scans to evaluate cancer.
  • Help a doctor choose the best treatment for cancer or to see how well treatment is working. PET scans may also be done to see whether surgery can be done to remove a tumor.
  • Help diagnose Alzheimer's disease when the symptoms are not clear or when a person has dementia symptoms at a young age (usually younger than 65).footnote 1 This is called amyloid imaging.
  • Find poor blood flow to the heart, which may mean coronary artery disease.
  • Find damaged heart tissue, especially after a heart attack.
  • Help choose the best treatment, such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery, for a person with heart disease.

How To Prepare

  • Before you have a PET scan, tell your doctor if:
    • You have diabetes. If you take medicine to control diabetes, you may need to take less than your normal dose. Talk with your doctor about how much medicine you should take.
    • You take any medicines, supplements, or herbal remedies. You may need to stop taking some medicines or change your dose before this test.
    • You are or might be pregnant.
    • You are breastfeeding. The radioactive tracer used in this test can get into your breast milk. Do not breastfeed your baby for 2 days after this test. During this time, you can give your baby breast milk you stored before the test, or you can give formula. Discard the breast milk you pump for 2 days after the test.
    • You have a fear of enclosed spaces.
  • Do not smoke or drink caffeine or alcohol for 24 hours before this test.
  • Do not eat or drink for at least 6 hours before this test.

You may be asked to sign a consent form.

Talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done or what the results mean. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form(What is a PDF document?).

How It Is Done

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is done in a hospital nuclear medicine department or at a special PET center by a radiologist or nuclear medicine specialist and a technologist. You will lie on a table that is hooked to a large scanner, camera, and computer.

During the test

The radioactive tracer is usually given in a vein (IV). You may need to wait 30 to 60 minutes for the tracer to move through your body. During this time, you may need to avoid moving and talking.

The PET scanner, which is shaped like a doughnut, moves around you. The scanned pictures are sent to a computer screen so your doctor can see them. Many scans are done to make a series of pictures. It is very important to lie still while each scan is being done. At some medical centers, a CT scan will be done at the same time.

For a PET scan of the brain, you will lie on a bed. You may be asked to read, name letters, or tell a story, depending on whether speech, reasoning, or memory is being tested. During the scan, you may be given earplugs and a blindfold (if you do not need to read during the test) to wear for your comfort.

If you are having a PET scan of your heart, electrodes for an electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG) will be put on your body.

During the test, you will be alone in the scanner room. The technologist will watch you through a window and you will be able talk to him or her through a two-way intercom at all times.

The test takes 1 to 3 hours.

After the test

After the test, drink lots of fluids for the next 24 hours to help flush the tracer out of your body.

How It Feels

You will not feel pain during the test. The table you lie on may be hard and the room may be cool. It may be difficult to lie still during the test.

You may feel a quick sting or pinch when the IV is put in your arm. The tracer is unlikely to cause any side effects. If you don't feel well during or after the test, tell the person who is doing the test.

You may feel nervous inside the PET scanner.

Risks

There is always a slight chance of damage to cells or tissue from radiation, including the low levels of radiation used for this test. But the chance of damage is usually very low compared with the benefits of the test.

Most of the tracer will be flushed from your body within 6 to 24 hours. Allergic reactions to the tracer are very rare.

In rare cases, some soreness or swelling may develop at the IV site where the radioactive tracer was put in. Apply a moist, warm compress to your arm.

Results

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a test that uses a special type of camera and a tracer (radioactive substance) to look at organs in the body.

The radiologist may discuss preliminary results of the PET scan with you right after the test. Complete results are usually available in 1 to 2 days.

Positron emission tomography (PET)
Normal:

Blood flow is normal and organs are working well. The flow and pattern of the tracer shows normal distribution in the body.

Abnormal: Heart:
  • Decreased blood flow and increased glucose metabolism may show that the blood vessels are narrowed or blocked. This may mean coronary artery disease (CAD) is present.
  • Decreased blood flow and glucose metabolism may mean that heart tissue is scarred and damaged, such as from a heart attack.
Brain:
  • Areas of increased glucose metabolism or lower oxygen use and blood flow may mean you have epilepsy.
  • Decreased oxygen use and blood flow may mean a stroke has occurred.
  • Decreased glucose metabolism may mean a form of dementia. Dementia may be caused by Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or mental illness, such as schizophrenia.
  • Patterns of blood flow and oxygen use that are not normal may mean a brain tumor is present.
  • A special test (called amyloid imaging) may show signs of Alzheimer's disease.
Tumor detection:

Areas of increased glucose metabolism may mean a tumor is present.

What Affects the Test

Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:

  • Being pregnant. A PET scan is not usually done during pregnancy because the radiation could harm the unborn baby (fetus).
  • Using caffeine, tobacco, or alcohol in the past 24 hours.
  • Not being able to lie still for the test.
  • Using sedatives.
  • Taking medicines, such as insulin, that change your metabolism.
  • Having recently had surgery, a biopsy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

What To Think About

  • A CT scan and PET scan are often done at the same time.
  • Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is a method that may be used to diagnose a person with symptoms of heart disease. SPECT imaging also may be done to see if a person with coronary artery disease (CAD) is likely to have a heart attack or other serious problem.footnote 2

References

Citations

  1. Johnson KA, et al. (2013). Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: A report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer's Association. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 9(1): e1-e16.
  2. Hendel RC, et al. (2009). ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 appropriate use criteria for cardiac radionuclide imaging. Circulation, 119(22): e561-e587.

Other Works Consulted

  • Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2010). Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby.

Credits

ByHealthwise Staff

Primary Medical ReviewerAdam Husney, MD - Family Medicine

E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine

Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine

Specialist Medical ReviewerHoward Schaff, MD - Diagnostic Radiology

Current as ofMarch 15, 2017

Current as of: March 15, 2017

Author: Healthwise Staff

Medical Review: Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine & Howard Schaff, MD - Diagnostic Radiology